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000048641 0247_ $$a10.1093/grurint/ikad019$$2doi
000048641 035__ $$a(OCoLC)1411269432
000048641 040__ $$aSzGeWIPO$$beng$$erda$$cSzGeWIPO$$dCaBNVSL
000048641 041__ $$aeng
000048641 24500 $$aEU Copyright Exceptions and Limitations and the Three-Step Test :$$bOne Step Forward, Two Steps Back.
000048641 264_1 $$a[Oxford, England] :$$bOxford University Press (OUP),$$c2023
000048641 300__ $$a1 online resource (pages631–642)
000048641 336__ $$atext$$2rdacontent
000048641 337__ $$acomputer$$2rdamedia
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000048641 4901_ $$aGRUR International,$$x2632-8550 ;$$v72, 7, 2023
000048641 520__ $$aThe three-step test, by origin an international provision, restricts copyright exceptions and limitations. The three-step test was incorporated into multiple treaties and trade agreements after being first included in the Berne Convention. Despite some nuances regarding the test’s wording in these legal instruments, the essential part – i.e. the three criteria – has remained unchanged. The European Union (EU) legislator took a step forward by expressly implementing the international three-step test into EU law. Article 5(5) of the 2001 InfoSoc Directive provides for its own EU three-step test, and more recently, the test was included in the 2019 DSM Directive. However, two substantial issues remain. First, there is still uncertainty on the specific meaning of each of these steps, due to scarce case law at the international level. Second, the incorporation of this standard has led to an added discussion on the scope and addressee of the EU three-step test. Due to the InfoSoc Directive’s wording, the question arose whether the three-step test is solely addressed to national legislators, or whether the test can also be applied by national courts. This article features a detailed analysis of the European Court of Justice’s case law on the three-step test, highlighting differing tendencies in its rulings. The Court’s decisions bring little clarification regarding the question of the test’s addressee, leaving the issue unresolved and disputed in the legal literature.
000048641 542__ $$fhttps://academic.oup.com/grurint/article/72/3/231/6998505
000048641 588__ $$aCrossref
000048641 590__ $$aPublished online: 07-Mar-23
000048641 650_0 $$aCopyright$$xLaw and legislation$$zEuropean Union.
000048641 650_0 $$aCopyright.
000048641 650_0 $$aCOVID-19 (Disease)
000048641 7001_ $$aWymeersch, Paulien,$$eauthor.
000048641 7731_ $$tGRUR International$$wGRUR
000048641 830_0 $$aGRUR International,$$x2632-8550 ;$$v72, 7, 2023.
000048641 85641 $$uhttps://doi.org/10.1093/grurint/ikad019$$yonline version
000048641 904__ $$aJournal article
000048641 980__ $$aGRUR