@article{24932,
      recid = {24932},
      author = {Connor, M. John.},
      title = {Global Antitrust Prosecutions of International Cartels  Focus on Asia.},
      pages = {1 volume ([30] pages) ;},
      abstract = {International cartelists today face antitrust  investigations and possible fines in a score of national  and supranational jurisdictions. This article aims at  providing quantitative information about the size and  impacts of international cartel activity in Asia and uses a  sample of modern private cartels to evaluate the relative  effectiveness of three prominent Asian antitrust  authorities. The sample consists of legal and economic  information on 433 international cartels detected in Asia  and the rest of the world during 1990–2007.The need for  assertive anti–cartel enforcement in Asia is demonstrated  by the large affected commerce and economic injuries of  known international cartels. Affected sales of detected  Asian–region cartels combined with global cartels that  fixed prices in Asia totals at least US $ 1.1 trillion in  1990–2007. The losses imposed on Asian consumers were at  least $500 billion. While more than $45 billion in  penalties has been imposed worldwide, it is doubtful that  such monetary sanctions can deter modern international  cartels. Optimal cartel deterrence is frustrated by the  failure of compensatory private suits to take hold outside  of North America, a reluctance to act against global  cartels, and the low fines in most Asian jurisdictions. Of  the three selected jurisdictions, the Korean FTC has the  best record of anti–cartel enforcement in Asia, but even  the KFTC?s surcharges are recouping less than 15 percent of  damages to its citizens. Without significant increases in  cartel detection, in the levels of expected fines or civil  penalties, or expansion of the standing of buyers to seek  compensation, international price fixing will remain  rational business conduct.},
      url = {http://tind.wipo.int/record/24932},
}